Political Corruption By Government Officials For...

Throughout history, several sovereign nations across the world have been subject to political corruption by government officials for illegitimate personal gain. Corruption used to be a low profile line item; however, today it has reached heights at which the government must get involved to try to cover it up to ensure its secrecy and avoid exploitation. This instance is referred to as Crony Capitalism, which is a theory that has evolved from corruption over a period of time. This idea involves more intervention by the government who achieves its purpose by providing incentives and subsidies to their known business partners in specific operating fields. They favour this particular set of business owners who they keep close ties with over others, making it difficult to create competition which eventually leads to a monopoly. The government gets connected to the economy, by playing the role of the â€Å"investor† motivated to extract money from the unconnected many by means of d eviancy and corruption. U.S. politician David Stockman defines Crony Capitalism as the aggressive and proactive use of political resources to gain something from the governmental process that wouldn’t otherwise be achievable in the market. My essay will focus on how Crony Capitalism has created an impact over people across the globe, through means of corruption by the government and businesses. While the government might benefit from investing money in businesses at the taxpayers’ expense, theirShow MoreRelatedPolitical Corruption By Government Officials For Illegitimate Personal Gain1199 Words   |  5 Pagesworld have been subject to political corruption by government officials for illegitimate personal gain. Corruption used to be a low profile line item. However, today it has reached heights at which the government must get involved to try and cover it up to ensure its secrecy and avoid exploitation. This instance is referred to as Crony Capitalism, which is a th eory that has evolved from corruption over a period of time. This idea involves more intervention by the government who achieves its purposeRead MoreRacism And The United States1178 Words   |  5 Pagesestablished on that makes us a well-functioning society. Although, these American principles elude to a liberating, symbolic, and personal appeal, it is internally flawed by governments beyond the beltway. Corruption is the root of all political evil that it in essence is perpetuated intercontinentally. It is therefore the use of powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. Over a third of the American population is made up of ethnic minorities and thus has the right to be a citizen of equalRead MoreWhy Is Corruption a Problem?1401 Words   |  6 PagesWhy is Corruption a Problem? Corruption is the use of public office for private gain, the use of official position, rank or status by an office bearer for his own personal benefit. (Khandu) Corruption can come in different forms, like bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, patronage, graft and embezzlement. (Paper) Corruption can be a major obstacle in the process of economic, political, social and environmental development and in modernizing a country. (Myint) Corruption can also affect people’sRead MoreCorruption And Corruption Of Corruption1421 Words   |  6 PagesIn local government there is a common trend of officials bending the rules in order to attain a political goal. Therefore, an overlapping concept that lingers in multiple governments is political corruption. Political corruption can be defined as the use of powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. Like all forms of American government, structure extends in a top down manner within the federal beltway (NY, DC and large players). Consequently, parallel patterns are reflected beyondRead MoreControlling Organized Crime1363 Words   |  6 Pagesthe earliest group to show its strengths of power and manipulation among citizens and business of New York City. From the time of the Mafia’s rise, other criminal organizations have surfaced using their power to corrupt personal within business for the gain of finance and political strength. In today society, one of the main question when it comes to these groups is how can criminal organizations be controlled? This paper will identify the problems presented and the various relationships establishedRead MoreA Interview With The Criminal Justice System1654 Words   |  7 Pagesinterview that I fully understood and experienced the complexity of crime. While China has a completely different political ideology that leads to a different criminal justice system from the United States, similar theories of criminology still apply to the explanation of criminal behaviors. Moreover, crime is a complicated matter that can be associated with social, cultural and political events. In the interview, Officer Z offered his opinions on criminal behaviors and what motivates people to commitRead MoreEssay on The Mafia: Wealth and Politics in the 19201549 Words   |  7 PagesThe Mafia: Wealth and Politics in the 1920 MAFIA - a secret association having for its object the illicit control of any enterprise, legitimate or illegitimate, which it decides to infiltrate (Allen 6). The decade of the 1920s was full of deception, corruption, and degeneration. The very embodiment of these qualities was the institution of the Italian-American Mafia. The syndicate began in Sicily and spread to encompass United States politics and the national economy. Read MoreAnimal Farm And 19841457 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ George Orwell s views on totalitarian governments were not concealed from public view. He expressed his thoughts and opinions through his books. Among these books were Nineteen - Eighty -Four and Animal Farm, which were his works that most obviously portrayed his disfavor for totalitarian governments. Totalitarian governments are controlled by political authorities who have control of all aspects of society. Nineteen-Eighty-Four and Animal Farm are two different books that have different waysRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke s Political Theories Essay2061 Words   |  9 Pagesand John Locke’s Political Theories and Justifying if these Governmental Officials Have Legitimate Reason To Hold Secrets from the Public Systems of government across the globe are utilized to various extents. Similarly to John Locke’s vision of government, the United States stands by a system of representative democracy. This means that our government highly values that the people of a society hold the power of where the direction of their state goes through electing officials. In Locke’s bookRead MoreThe Characteristics Of Client Patron Relationships3016 Words   |  13 Pagesvalues. In order to do so, this essay explain and discuss a phrase from Chabal and Daloz s Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument (1999): â€Å"[...] the state in sub-Saharan Africa is nothing other than a relatively empty shell. For socially and culturally instrumental reasons, the real business of politics is conducted informally and, more stealthily, outside the official political realm† (p. 95). Exposition In order to be able to analyse the above mentioned quote, it is important to understand

Is It Important For Our Society - 2029 Words

Staying socially aware of what is currently going on in your society is a key task that helps build the very fabric of this economy. Human’s constant eagerness to stay socially aware throughout the years of pastime wars and of the ever-changing economy has made the world what it is today. If humans in the past had not been so politically and socially aware of what was going on in their country and if we did not have that desire to want to know what is currently going on in the world, then the abundance of news and headlines we receive from the media each day would not exist. Our constant want to know and our desire to stay socially aware has built the very foundation of the world news and the media. If there were no world news, social media, newspapers, and magazine corporations, citizens would not have any source of knowing what is currently going on around them. It is a blessing on how fairly simple it is to find out what is going on in the outside world. I believe it is cru cially important to stay politically and socially aware of your economy and society, because it deals heavily with the means of improvements and adjustments that should be made within the country annually. Our social awareness helps keep our society and culture running. Humans need to have that sensible foundation of what current state their country is in so that we are all not walking through this world aimlessly, not knowing a single thing about what is going on in your nation. During the 1920s,Show MoreRelatedTraditions Are Important For Our Society1999 Words   |  8 Pagesculture. Nevertheless, traditions are important and somewhat necessary because it helps keep a culture â€Å"on its feet† and it provides a sense of identity for people. Traditions may vary from little things like going to your favorite restaurant on a special day like birthdays or family reunion, to big important traditions like eating Kosher in Judaism and the mandatory following of the Five Pillars of Islam. But keeping traditions are so important for our society today because it allows people to honorRead MoreLeadership Integrity Is Important For Our Society1961 Words   |  8 PagesLeader Integrity Leadership integrity is incredibly valuable to solidity of our society. First of all, I must give the definition of a leader. A leader is a person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country. This is only what the dictionary defines one as, which is very vague. I would have to define a leader, whether good or bad, as someone in charge or takes the responsibility for a group of individuals or equipment. It matters not if this person does this correctly. Someone canRead MoreProbation And Parole Is An Important Part Of Our Society1064 Words   |  5 Pages The most recent statistics from the Bureau of Justice indicated in 2012, approximately 1 in every 35 adults in the United States was on probation or parole or incarcerated in prison or jail. Probation and parole are an important part of our society and most people know at least one person who is either on probation or parole. There are drastic differences between probation and parole. Probation refers to offenders who are on supervision through a probation agency. Probation is ruledRead MoreThe Seven Commandments I Consider Most Important in Our Society622 Words   |  3 PagesIn this paper I am going to state seven commandments that I think is most important in our society. The seven commandments in Animal Farm were based on animal rights and what not to do so that they avoid acting like humans. These commandments however changed later in the story so it was very hypocritical. My commandments will be basic rules and will not change under any circumstances. The first rule and most important commandment in my opinion is to treat others the way you want to be treated.Read MoreChildhood Teacher s Most Important Role For The Expectations Of Our Society844 Words   |  4 PagesEarly childhood teacher’s most important role is helping young children learn how to apply rules and response to the expectations of our society. Preschool children are continuously learning what is and what is not acceptable; some of those signals come from how the teacher reacts to their behaviors. Therefore, teachers must be taught when and how to respond to undesired behaviors. Area of Focus: Retaining highly qualified teachers; while, dealing with misbehaviors and learning how to apply aRead MoreMarriage, Family, And Religion1687 Words   |  7 PagesReligion Omar De La Garza Texas AM International University Abstract The institutions of marriage and family are fundamental concepts to the functioning of our present day society. In this paper, marriage and family and their changes over time will be discussed. Topics such as religion, which plays an important role is the development and changes of ideas regarding these two topics will be approached as well as the social changes due to tradition and the changes of time in regardsRead MoreFunctions of Law716 Words   |  3 PagesBusiness and society is two very important things in the world that we live in today. The way that the law fits in our businesses and our society, is also important. Laws are made to control out authority. The functions and the role of laws are to only maintain justice and keep the peace. Sadly not everyone feels the same way and they tend to break many of our laws. The roles of law in business today, are so diverse business law is actually broken into three categories. The first is CriminalRead MoreChasing Success1640 Words   |  4 Pages are the most remarkable species on the planet earth. We have travelled vast lands, explored great oceans and settled down creating the greatest race on earth. We evolved with time, with the ambition to reach for the skies and determination to max our full potentials. However, we have been implanted with this code, this idea that the true meaning of life is to be successful and without it your life is meaningless. We are raised with this belief that without success no one will care about your existenceRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury903 Words   |  4 Pagesare not opened to several important social issues. Reading works of fiction, such as Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, convey to a reader how social issues, such as conformity, censorship, and self-identity, affect society as a whole. Consuming non -fiction works, such as articles or documentaries, is just not the same as enveloping oneself in a literary work. Fiction undoubtedly needs to be included in the high school English curriculum because it opens our minds to important issues, prevents us fromRead MoreThe Right Thing Essay943 Words   |  4 Pagesgoodness. These are the absolute moral standards by which we should live our lives, given to us either either by a higher power or our cultural environment. In Christianity, for instance, this is expressed in the Ten Commandments absolute ethical laws divined by God, also shared by other major religions. In secular society, it is the rule of law, the consensus of the majority of society on the regulations by which that society should be governed. Balanced against this sense of absolute goodness

Jit Application in Toyota Company Free Essays

JIT Application in Toyota Company Toyota is one of very large company in automobile. In their production, Toyota Company has applied JIT (Just in Time) approach in their manufacturing. The advantages of using JIT approach is to reduce or minimize the waste of production, reduce hands-off, reduce re-work and any other delays on manufacturing process. We will write a custom essay sample on Jit Application in Toyota Company or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of characteristic in JIT approach is the flow of work. Parts or component of material will flow from one work center to many others with intermediate storage, and flow into work centers will also come from many work centers with intermediate storage. In the large company like Toyota, this approach is the most suitable to be applied. The derivative applications of JIT approach is karban system. Karban means â€Å"card† or â€Å"visible record† and refers to cards used to control the flow of production through a factory. Karban is useful system for company like Toyota that has many work centers. For example there are two work centers with difference function, work center 1 is to producing component parts and work center 2 is to making assemblies. And there is an intermediate storage area for component parts. Let say Work Center 1 is producing component 101 and 102. After do production, that components will move to intermediate storage part and each component is labeled with kanban card 101 and 102 that contain component’s information. If Work Center 2 is need part 101 in assembly, the box 101 (labeled card 101) will moved to Work Center 2 and so on for box 102. Toyota uses a â€Å"two-card† kanban system. The first is transport or conveyance, card, which moves container of parts from one stock location to another. The second is a production card, which authorizes production. How to cite Jit Application in Toyota Company, Essay examples

The Financial Crisis And White-Collar Crime - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the The Financial Crisis And White-Collar Crime. Answer: Introduction: Earning money is essential for everyone because it aids to fulfil the necessary requirements of living. People try to earn more and the lust to earn more let them towards the trap of Ponzi schemes, which is acknowledged as a financial trap (Crey Webb, 2016). Since the 1919, there have been various Ponzi schemes around the world but some of them made headlines owing to their magnitude of fraud and loss to the financial stability of the economy (Cortes, Santamaria Vargas, 2016). Among many, one of such rarest case is Bernard Madoff Ponzi scheme, which lead him loot approximately $65 billion from the market and ending up with 150 years of imprisonment (Gibson, 2016). Due to the lack of researches and academic journals on the Ponzi schemes, this are still treated as the loopholes of the existing financial system of the economy, however recent trend has highlighted various researches is going on the financial traps like Ponzi schemes. This paper is aimed to provide a detailed descriptio n of the Ponzi schemes and explain the case of Bernard Madoff. Besides this, the report will discuss the outcome of the Bernards case and the repercussion effect on the shareholders. Moreover, the research is aimed to provide recommendations to avoid any cases like this in future. Analysis of Ponzi scheme: Ponzi scheme, which is also acknowledged as the pyramid scheme is one of the illegal financial activities that loots money from the investors. Generally, Ponzi schemes lures the investors to save more amount of money into the scheme highlighting higher amount of return compared to the authorised financial institutions for the same amount of investment (Zhu et al., 2017). In general banking structure, bank as a mediator provides loan from the money that has been saved by the depositors. However, when it comes to Ponzi schemes, then the fraudsters do not invest their money that they gain from the investment. Rather, during the initial days, they pay the return with that money and after few days when a desired lump sum amount has been collected, they run away from the business leading to a huge loss in front of the investors who invested with an eager to earn more (Deason, Rajgopal Waymire, 2015). The name Ponzi scheme came after the name of Charles Ponzi who led the investors accept that it is possible to earn 50% return from a said amount of investment within 90 days period (Albrecht et al., 2017). Since 1919, there have been various Ponzi schemes, which rocked the financial stability of the economy, where it had taken place and among them, the case of Bernard Madoff is notable (Reis, 2015). Ponzi schemes are structured in a pyramidal shape, where more amount of money is required in each level as the business grows to provide the payment toward the existing investors (Cortes, Santamaria Vargas, 2016). Figure 1 shows a hypothetical scenario of a Ponzi scheme, where the number of participants is higher at the lower level and the highest level has the lowest amount of participants, who are mainly business owners or the stakeholders of the business. Figure 1: Ponzi pyramid Source: (Roden, 2018) In order to understand the Ponzi schemes more well an example can be taken into consideration. For instance, consider the figure 2, where a Ponzi perpetrator creates a Ponzi scheme and approaches to an investor to invest $100,000 for a year with an interest rate of 20%. The investor agrees to invest in the scheme with a desire to earn $120,000 at the end of one year. Once the time of payment arrives, the scammer approaches to a new investor with a same policy and manages him to invest $120,000 in the business. The perpetrator now has the $120,000 to repay the first investor and he continues the cycle until the flow of investment falls. In this cyclical way, the Ponzi scheme perpetrator pockets the initial $100,000 and once there is any fall in investment, he will run out of the operation looting all the money of the investors. Figure 2: Investment pyramid of Ponzi scheme Source: (Created by Author) With geometrical expansion of funding requirements Ponzi schemes are dooms and the weak strategies to maintain the business of the Ponzi scheme perpetrator makes it breakable in front of the ever growing demand of returns (Keep Vander Nat, 2014). There are various types of Ponzi schemes; however, most of them have same characteristics. Common characteristics of Ponzi schemes are as follows (Springer, 2017): High return with little amount of risk: Legalised investment caries some amount of risks and investments with higher risks earn higher amount of return. When it comes to Ponzi schemes, then the risk factor is very high, however the perpetrators are potent enough to make it look like a risk free investment with guaranteed highest return. Unlicensed and unregistered: If the Ponzi schemes are not issued by the government and are not rational Ponzi game, then they do not have any license and registration to curtail investment and return of the investors (Carey Webb, 2016). Free entry no free exit: It is a common phenomenon of every Ponzi scheme is that they allow free entry but they try to retain the investment by highlighting the new schemes with better return. Bernard Madoff case details: Ponzi schemes are one of the forms of financial fraud that lead to curtailing the share market and investment of investors. There have been many cases of Ponzi schemes around the world since 1921, but when it comes to the biggest one, and then the case of Bernard Madoff is the second largest after the Ponzi case of 1919 (Jain, 2015). During the 1960, Bernard Madoff founded Bernard Madoff Investment Securities and one of its extensive hand used to promote Ponzi schemes (Stolowy et al., 2014). During 1960, he started his company as a Penny Stock traded with a amount of $5,000 and since then the business fledged to a great extent to become where it was during the 2008 (Azim Azam, 2016). With the help of his father in law, Madoff made his business wider and employed his various family members into his business. For instance, he had employed his brother Peter as the senior managing director and his sons worked in the trading section. It is estimated that there were more than 25 family me mbers of Madoffs business who were positioned in the directorate of the operation (Lewis, 2016). During 1980, Madoffs company was one of the highest market maker and it was contained about 5% of New York Stock Exchange transaction volume. One decade later, during 1990, the business reached to its zenith and it has almost 15% market capitalisation of the NYSE making it one of the largest NYSE listed broker (Eren, 2017). During the 1992 to 2006, there were various charges against the Madoff and his business house and on December 11 of 2008, he was charged for running Ponzi schemes. Madoff took a strategy to shape his portfolios look like that it was aligned with the SP 500 rules of returns that constrained him to pay large amount of return to the existing investors. Besides this, he chose elite customers who are close to him and kept his action less aroused to look it less suspicious in front of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Though the business was running good until 2 006 with the flood of investment, it started to fall apart during the 2008. With the rise of recession during the 2008, there was huge demand to liquidate the assets saved as the securities that forced Madoff to borrow more from the market and return it to the existing stockholders (Bruin, 2014). However, with higher amount of recession fund was not available and Madoff failed to cope up with the demand of the investors. In 2009, his son Andrew and Mark disclosed their fathers business to FBI and the court convicted him with an imprisonment of 150 years. Gantt chart: Figure 3: Timeline of Madoffs fraud Source: ("After the Fraud", 2018) The timeline shows that ponzi business of Madoff became fully fledged since 1995 and it ran successfully until the 2006 and since then the business started to fall. Outcome of the fraud and affected investors: While the business of the Madoff was going well, the investors were rewarded well; however, once the Ponzi business was busted, many people get affected to a great amount. For instance, it is estimated that there were more than 4,500 investors who were affected by the Ponzi scheme of the Madoff and the amount of loss is estimated at $64.8 billion (Brody et al., 2016). People who were highly affected by this Ponzi scheme were the investors, which include the citizen of USA, other countries and political leaders of the USA. Owing to the fact of this financial disaster on average investors, lose 12 to 20 million dollars. In this fraud, investor invested almost $36 billion, $18 billion were returned, and there were no trace of other $18 billion (Eren, 2017). In the pyramidal structure of Ponzi scheme, Madoff enjoyed almost half of the investment and once the fraud was busted, the amount of embracement for the family is beyond imagination. Later, there were several legal actions were also taken by the FBI and the SEC against the Madoff family with the charges of breaching fiduciary duty, negligence, theft, trust fraud and mail fraud. Besides this, their bank account has been frozen and it has been inevitable for the family to live in the country (Azim Azam, 2016). Outcome of the case and future implication: Once the Ponzi scheme of the Madoff has been busted, several cases were lodged against the Aurelia Finance and the assets of the director are also frozen. Besides this, on December 2008, International Advisors LLC Ren-Thierry Magon de la Villehuchet found dead owing to the fact he has invested all of his money and 20% money of his brother, which is accounted more than $1.2 billion (Brody et al., 2016). Following the magnitude and the vastness of the Ponzi scheme circulated by the Madoff, SEC conducted an internal investigation under its inspector general. During the 2009 September, SEC found its eight employees guilty for misuse of their posts and negligence of their duty. SEC released a report of 477 pages and there they mentioned how the organisation has missed the scope of to identify the Ponzi scheme running since 1990 and depending upon the result there has been various steps taken by the organisation (Stolowy et al., 2014). Recommendation: It is a common practice with the SEC that they do not pay much amount of attention to the hedge fund of the financial institution like bank compared to the hedge funding industry making it one of the soft point to penetrate for the Ponzi scheme makers. Using this loop hole Madoff operate his business of Ponzi scheme and it aided the fraudster to transfer investors money to his account. In order to overcome this situation following measures can be taken: Proper auditing of the financial institution Diversification of risk by investing in various portfolios Refraining from greed and invest into such schemes that has lower amount of risk and legalised Judging the broker or the organisation before investing into its shares Steps taken by the authority to stop case like this: Madoffs case of financial fraud is one of the large one around the world that has ever-lasting effect on its investors. SEC in his report found various loopholes in its system that leads to this devastating situation. After the massacre, SEC has taken various corrective measures and these are aimed to reduce the scope of any Ponzi scheme in future. SEC has mentioned five questions before investing into any new stock to avoid the scope of fraud. The questions are as follows (Nashat, Abdullah Abdullah, 2014): Is the seller is license? Registration information of the investment How well I understand the investment What is the comparison of potential awards with the risks? Where to ask for help? Conclusion: The report has analyzed the Bernard Madoff Ponzi scheme and it has been found that the mastermind used various loopholes in the system to make his business grow. The report has stated various recommendations to overcome any situation like this in future that lead to suicide, death and loss of almost 16 billion dollars. To conclude the report has stated various steps taken by the SEC to correct the financial structure of the scheme making it strong enough to crowd out Ponzi schemes from the US economy. Reference: Roden, B. (2018).Classic 'gifting circle' pyramid scheme is back - Abbotsford News.Abbotsford News. Retrieved 6 January 2018, from https://www.abbynews.com/our-town/classic-gifting-circle-pyramid-scheme-is-back/ Carey, C., Webb, J. K. (2016). Trust, but Verify? The Roles of Trust and Deceit in the Sustainability of Illegal Ponzi Schemes. Corts, D., Santamara, J., Vargas, J. F. (2016). Economic shocks and crime: Evidence from the crash of Ponzi schemes.Journal of Economic Behavior Organization,131, 263-275. Gibson, D. R. (2016). Ignorance at Risk: Interaction at the Epistemic Boundary of Bernard Madoffs Ponzi Scheme.Qualitative Sociology,39(3), 221-246. Zhu, A., Fu, P., Zhang, Q., Chen, Z. (2017). Ponzi scheme diffusion in complex networks.Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications,479, 128-136. Jain, A. (2015). Easy Money: The greatest Ponzi scheme ever and how it is set to destroy the global financial system.Abhigyan,33(2), 79-80. Deason, S., Rajgopal, S., Waymire, G. B. (2015). Who gets swindled in Ponzi schemes?. Albrecht, C., Albrecht, C., Morales, V., Morales, V., Baldwin, J. K., Baldwin, J. K., ... Scott, S. D. (2017). Ezubao: a Chinese Ponzi scheme with a twist.Journal of Financial Crime,24(2), 256-259. Reis, R. (2015). Comment on:When does a central banks balance sheet require fiscal support? by Marco Del Negro and Christopher A. Sims.Journal of Monetary Economics,73, 20-25. Corts, D., Santamara, J., Vargas, J. F. (2016). Economic shocks and crime: Evidence from the crash of Ponzi schemes.Journal of Economic Behavior Organization,131, 263-275. Keep, W., J. Vander Nat, P. (2014). Multilevel marketing and pyramid schemes in the United States: An historical analysis.Journal of Historical Research in Marketing,6(2), 188-210. Springer, M. (2017). The Financial Crisis and White-Collar Crime: An Examination of Brokerage-Failure and Its Link to Ponzi Schemes. Carey, C., Webb, J. K. (2016). Trust, but Verify? The Roles of Trust and Deceit in the Sustainability of Illegal Ponzi Schemes. Stolowy, H., Messner, M., Jeanjean, T., Richard Baker, C. (2014). The construction of a trustworthy investment opportunity: Insights from the Madoff fraud.Contemporary Accounting Research,31(2), 354-397. Azim, M., Azam, M. (2016). Bernard Madoff's' Ponzi scheme': Fraudulent behaviour and the role of auditors.Accountancy Business and the Public Interest,15(122-137). Lewis, L. S. (2016).Bernard Madoff and His Accomplices: Anatomy of a Con: Anatomy of a Con. ABC-CLIO. Eren, C. P. (2017).Bernie Madoff and the Crisis: The Public Trial of Capitalism. Stanford University Press. de Bruin, B. (2014). Epistemically virtuous risk management: Financial due diligence and uncovering the Madoff fraud. InBusiness Ethics and Risk Management(pp. 27-42). Springer Netherlands. Brody, R. G., Brody, R. G., Perri, F. S., Perri, F. S. (2016). Fraud detection suicide: The dark side of white-collar crime.Journal of Financial Crime,23(4), 786-797. Stolowy, H., Messner, M., Jeanjean, T., Richard Baker, C. (2014). The construction of a trustworthy investment opportunity: Insights from the Madoff fraud.Contemporary Accounting Research,31(2), 354-397. Nashat, S., Abdullah, A., Abdullah, M. Z. (2014). Machine vision for crack inspection of biscuits featuring pyramid detection scheme.Journal of Food Engineering,120, 233-247. After the Fraud. (2018).Thinkadvisor.com. Retrieved 6 January 2018, from https://www.thinkadvisor.com/2009/05/01/after-the-fraud